"Teaching children about the natural world should be seen as one of the most important events in their lives."-Thomas Berry
Part of being an environmental educator is understanding how
people learn in order to develop meaningful lessons that resonate with your
learners. One theory, experiential learning, was popularized by
David Kolb and explains learning as a process of students learning by doing.
This theory has since been expanded on and a new theory play-based learning has
been developed. This theory expands on Kolb's original ideas and, though geared
towards younger learners, is applicable to learners of all ages.
Play-based learning is a theory which explains how children are
able to learn through playing, which is both a pedagogical and experiential
activity. Cutter-Mackenzie and Edwards (2013) investigated three types of play
to try to determine which type of play is the best suited for learning
environmental concepts. While there study was geared towards younger children,
I believe that it can be applicable to any age groups.
What the authors found
“purposefully framed” play was the most effective type of play at getting
concepts across. Purposefully
framed play provides an opportunity for learners to first explore and try to
make connections on their own followed by the teacher modeling and discussing
the play. Afterwards this teacher/student interaction the student gets another
chance to use the materials again. After participating in purposefully framed
play children were able to describe the goals, outcomes, and some conceptual
ideas more so than other types of play (Cutter-Mackenzie &Edwards, 2013).
The interactions between the teacher/student is really what helps make this
type of play meaningful.
Purposefully-framed play combines open-ended play, modeled play, and
teacher/student interactions to enhance the play experience. This method of
play best supports environmental education, especially at a young age, by
giving a purpose to the play (Cutter-Mackenzie & Edwards, 2013). Engaging
in purposefully framed play can also support “deep learning” in that it allows
the teachers to engage the students in environmental content by allowing the
students to gravitate towards environmental activities of interest
(Cutter-Mackenzie & Edwards, 2013). This means that with intentional
planning, students can be directed to learning objectives as long as the
educator is properly prepared.
This pertains to environmental education not only at a young age but also when
working for older learners. This is well illustrated by using the example of
using play-based learning to teach a skills such as using a bow drill to start
a fire. At the start the
students would have a variety of options of skills they could practice. This
gives the students a chance to explore and find a skill they are interested
in. By first setting out the components of the bow drill students are
invited to try to figure out how it works (open-play). After the students
experiment with the parts, a demonstration (modeled play) and a discussion
afterwards (teacher/student interaction) would give the students an opportunity
to not only use the parts of a bow drill in unison as well as explain how the
bow drill fire starting method works. This gives them a chance to experiment
and form connections on their own. Using this method also gives the educator a
chance to do some modeling for the students to help directed their experiences
in a way that would help them understand the concepts being covered.
Understanding how play can be used to teach environmental concepts is an
important aspect of being an environmental educator. The theory behind
purposefully-framed play bridges the pedagogical gap between knowledge and
experiential learning by having the experience be guided with knowledge from
the teacher (Cutter-Mackenzie & Edwards, 2013). This allows for the
students to understand that there is a reason for the play, giving them a
chance to connect the outcomes with concepts. Environmental educators should
strive to follow a purposefully framed organization for our teaching styles to
help link activities to concepts. If not, we run the risk of having the
students miss out on concepts altogether.
Works Cited
Cutter-Mackenzie, A., & Edwards, S. (2013). Toward a model for early
childhood environmental education: Foregrounding, developing, and
connecting knowledge through play-based learning. The
Journal of Environmental Education, 44(3), 195-213.